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HƯỚNG DẪN SƠ CỨU (FIRST AID)
KHI BỊ CÔN TRÙNG, ĐỘNG VẬT VÀ NGƯỜI CẮN TRONG LÚC SINH HOẠT NGOÀI TRỜI Lynn Ly phỏng dịch theo "The Everything First Aid"


Những hoạt động ngoài trời như làm việc, vui chơi, giải trí, du ngoạn ở trong một số hoàn cảnh , khí hậu , và thời tiết . Khí hậu nóng và lạnh đều có thể gây ra những hệ quả đối lập (adverse consequences), và những sinh vật (critters) sống bên ngoài thỉnh thoảng gây dị ứng (ngứa ngáy khó chịu) hoặc tổn thương . Cơ thể bị thiếu nước hoặc ở cao độ (thí dụ lên đỉnh núi) và ở trong một số điều kiện ngoài trời khác cũng có thể làm bạn cảm thấy suy yếu đi .

Cho dù không có vấn đề gì khi bạn hoạt động ngoài trời, nhưng thật quan trọng bạn biết làm gì để chăm sóc hoặc trợ giúp những người bị chấn thương, bị bệnh tật bất ngờ .

I) BỊ CÔN TRÙNG, LOÀI VẬT VÀ NGƯỜI CẮN

Nhiều loại côn trùng và các sinh vật khác, bao gồm cả con người, gây ra các vết cắn và vết châm chích có thể cho cảm giác không thoải mái hoặc đe dọa tính mạng từ nhẹ nhẹ đến trung bình. Điều quan trọng là biết làm gì, làm thế nào để trị liệu, và khi nào thì cần tìm kiếm đến trợ giúp từ chuyên gia y tế để trị liệu bất kỳ thương tổn tàng ẩn bên trong.

1) BÒ CẠP CẮN (SCORPION BITES)

Bò cạp là loại côn trùng nhiều chân có hình dạng giống tôm hùm (lobster-like arthoropods) nằm trong xếp loại côn trùng có nọc độc (arcahnid class, cùng loài nhền nhện = spider class), có một ngòi / kim xoăn ở phần cuối nơi đuôi, và chúng thường được tìm thấy ở vùng sa mạc phía Tây Nam của Mexico (nước Mễ Tây Cơ). Những vết chích / đốt của bọ cạp dường như không có khả năng gây tử vong và dễ dàng điều trị, nhưng lại nguy hiểm cho trẻ nhỏ và người già hơn . Những triệu chứng bao gồm đau nhức ngay lập tức (immediate pain), nóng rát (burning), sưng tấy chút chút (minor swelling) và cảm giác tê (numb) hoặc ngứa ran (tingling sensation).

Những buớc sau đây cần nên thực hiện để trị liệu vết bò cạp cắn:
1. Rửa vùng bị bò cạp cắn bằng xà phòng / xà bông và nước

2. Dùng túi trườm lạnh đặt lên vùng bị bò cạp cắn trong vòng 10 phút , nếu cần thiết thì lập đi lập lại việc trườm lạnh vùng bị cắn với khoảng cách giữa các lần trườm lạnh là 10 phút .

3. Gọi điện thoại đến trung tâm kiểm soát chất độc (the Poison Control Center), hay đi bệnh viện khi có bất kỳ triệu chứng nghiêm trọng gì

2) BỌ VE CẮN (TICK BITES)

Những người sống vùng rừng cây hay đồng cỏ, hay những người dành thời gian vui chơi giải trí ở những khu vực này thì dễ bị bọ ve cắn . Loài côn trùng nho nhỏ này sống bằng cách hút máu các loài động vật có vú (mammals) thí dụ như hươu nai (deer), loài gậm nhấm (rodents), thỏ (rabbits) và có thể truyền bệnh từ động vật sang người .

Việc sơ cứu (first aid) những vết bọ ve cắn bao gồm loại bỏ con bọ ve đang bu bám ngay lập tức để tránh những phản ứng từ vết cắn và giảm thiểu tối đa các loại bệnh nhiễm trùng do bọ ve gây ra thí dụ bệnh Lyme, bệnh nóng sốt Colorado bọ ve (Colorado tick fever), bệnh nóng sốt được phát hiện ở núi đá (Rocky Mountain Spotted fever)

Để tháo bỏ con bọ ve bu bám trên người , hãy làm như sau:
1. Dùng cây nhíp (tweezers) hay cây kẹp nhỏ nhỏ cong cong hay thẳng thẳng (small curl or flat forcepts) kẹp lấy đầu con bọ ve và càng cận sát nơi da đang bị con bọ ve cắn càng tốt, rồi nhẹ nhàng kéo ra, đừng bóp nát hay xoay vặn con bọ ve

2. Rửa vùng bị bọ ve cắn bằng xà phòng / xà bông và nước.

3. Bôi thuốc Antihistamine hoặc loại 1% hydrocortisone cream (loại kem chứa 1% chất hydrocortisone)


Cần phải có sự chăm sóc y tế chuyên nghiệp , nếu con bọ ve cắn quá sâu và bạn không thể tháo gỡ nó ra được, hoặc bạn đang ở trong khu vực được thông báo là có nhiều nguy cơ bị bệnh lyme, hoặc bạn có triệu chứng nóng sốt hay triệu chứng cảm cúm , hoặc bạn có trải nghiệm bắp thịt trở lên suy nhược, tê liệt (paralysis) , hoặc nổi vết tròn đỏ trên da gọi là "phát ban mắt bò" (the bull's eye rash) là đặc chưng của bệnh Lyme .

CẢNH BÁO !!!
Đừng bao giờ bôi petroleum jelly (vaseline), rượu cồn ( alcohol ) ahy ammonia lên con bọ ve - chúng sẽ cắn chặt sâu vào da hơn. Nếu bạn đang ở trong vùng cảnh báo có nhiều nguy cơ bệnh Lyme mà bị bọ ve cắn, bạn nhất định phải phone báo bác sĩ để được tư vấn và ngay lập tức được chăm sóc và điều tri bao gồm việc sử dụng thuốc kháng sinh

Microwave popcorn





Love to curl up in front of The Voice with some vino and a buttery bag of popcorn? Resist. “I once ripped open an unpopped microwave popcorn bag and I haven’t eaten it since! There are too many artificial chemicals used in the flavorings inside the microwavable bag and I prefer to avoid overly processed products like this as much as possible,” Amer explains. But if you’re pop-crazy and can’t stop, she suggests making your own with popcorn kernels, a brown paper bag and olive oil with a touch of salt.

Processed deli meats

While it’s super-easy to make a turkey club when you buy deli meats in bulk on Sunday for your meal prep, there may be some dangerous ingredients lurking in those slices. “Processed deli meats can contain a wide variety of additives from nitrates to carrageenan that can increase inflammation in the body and have even been scientifically linked to increased risk in colon cancer,” says Megan Faletra, MS, an integrative dietitian nutritionist, certified yoga Instructor, and founder of The Well Essentials. Opt for organic, nitrate and antibiotic free deli meats from brands that are focused on changing the way meat products are produced in the USA.” Make sure you know the gross ingredients you could be eating.

Reduced-fat peanut butter

You might think you’re doing your body good by getting the low-fat jar; you’d be better off going full fat. “While regular and reduced-fat peanut butter contain roughly the same amount of calories, the reduced fat varieties typically contain more added sugar or artificial sweeteners to improve the taste,” says Faletra. “The fat found in peanut butter is healthy for our bodies, so stick to the natural full-fat peanut butters.”

Margarine

If the dairy-free life isn’t for you—we feel ya—but you’re a waistline watcher, you might be tempted to reach for the “healthier” margarine. Hold that thought: “While many margarine brands are beginning to remove the trans fats from their products in order to comply with FDA regulations by 2018, most margarines rely primarily on highly processed vegetable oils (particularly soybean and palm oil),” Faletra says. “Choosing grass fed organic butter in moderation is a much better option for our health as these butters contain high-levels of heart healthy omega-3 fatty acids.”

Most frozen meals

While nutritionist Ha Nguyen, RD, used to nom on frozen meals as a kid—nearly every day after high school—today, she wouldn’t touch one with a 10-foot pole. Why? She explains, “Most prepackaged frozen meals are overly processed, made with refined flour, high in sodium, and full of additives and preservatives. All things that are not good for your body.” Learn to recognize the most harmful ingredients in processed food.

Pop Tarts

You might remember these commercials when you were in middle or high school—and maybe even argued with your pals over which flavor was the best—Nguyen recommends keeping ’em out of your shopping cart next time you’re at the store. “You mind as well send your kid off to school with a candy bar for breakfast. If you simply look at the first few ingredients they consists of refined sugars including corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, dextrose, and sugar,”

Cheese in a can

Though arguably super fun to play with when you’re 16, as far as a nutritional value, there’s not much this canned faux-dairy can offer you. “Cheese spread is highly processed with very little actual ‘cheese’ in it,” says registered dietitian and nutritionist Michelle Jaelin, RD. It comes with a laundry list of artificial ingredients and colors that I don’t feel comfortable eating. It is called plastic cheese for a reason! If I want to eat cheese, I eat the real thing,” says

Boutique fruit juices

While that carton might claim to give you the vitamins and minerals you need, registered dietitian and nutritionist Andy De Santis, RD, says fruit juices—even the boutique ones—are a slippery slope. “The alarming trend of expensive juices is concerning. These products are generally packed in calories and they won’t keep you feeling full or provide anywhere near the full nutritional benefit of eating whole fruits and veggies,” he says. “For reference, eating an apple, orange and banana would take me 10 minutes. Drinking them in a juice—maybe 10 seconds?” That’s a lot of calories in less than a minute.

Sausages, hot dogs

Take yourself out to the ball game, but skip the hot dog. You might be better off with a brewski and a bag of peanuts. “Not only are hot dogs high in fat and relatively low in protein, which is the exact combination you don’t want in your meat, but they are generally chock-full of sodium, which none of us need more of,” De Santis says. “The icing on the cake? There is a growing body of evidence that connects eating processed meats with an increased risk of cancer in the digestive tract.” These

Cheese

Say it isn’t so! While everything in moderation is a good rule of thumb for almost anything, De Santis put cheese on the naughty list because there are better ways to get calcium. “Cheese is generally high in calories, saturated fat, and sodium, all of which we need to cut back on. You are better off with a low-fat milk, a soy or almond alternative, or vitamin D-fortified yogurt. Don’t forget that nuts, seeds, legumes and dark leafy greens also contain calcium.”

Spam





You may want to pass on meat that comes from a factory instead of a butcher. “Preservatives, sodium, and uncertainty of the meat’s origin are three things that make me worry,” says registered dietician and nutritionist Gabriella Vetere, RDN. “Choose meat that your body can recognize, not one full of chemicals and preservatives

Ramen noodles





Your penny-pinching, hungover, inner college student may be weeping, but your body will thank you when you avoid this sodium pit. Exercise physiologist and nutritionist Rachel Straub, MS, recommends steering clear of these packaged goods because they’re loaded with salt and very little, if any, nutritional value. Make sure you know the most harmful ingredients in packaged foods.

Lunchables





They might seem like a breeze when you’re in a bind with no time to pack a snack for your kiddo, Straub says to try to refrain. “Since they have processed meats full of nitrates, refined grains, and candy, of course, this just isn’t a healthy choice,” she says.

Blended fruit yogurts




The commercials are catchy—and they may bring back fond memories of snacking as a kid—but when it comes to getting the essential nutrients that yogurt is meant to deliver, most of blended fruit yogurts are a bad idea. As Straub explains, “It is basically dessert for breakfast. Nearly 50 percent of the calories can come from added sugar, so they just aren’t a healthy choice. I would much rather have a plain yogurt with a piece of real fruit or any of these healthy toppings.”

Doughnuts

Your Instagram feed might deliver a different message about these powdered (and sometimes rainbow-colored) haloes of dough, but that dozen you pick up before a Monday morning meeting is doing damage, says personal trainer, author, nutritionist, and health and wellness coach Jamie Logie. “Doughnuts are made of refined (possibly GMO) white flour which is super high glycemic.” That means it causes sudden spikes in your blood sugar. “And they’re deep-fried in artery clogging and cancer causing trans fats and covered in sugar. They won’t fill you up, make you hungrier and are filled with pretty much the worst ingredients out there.” Here are all the nutritionist-approved snacks you can buy anywhere

Fast food burgers


The healthiest part of those kid meals you used to beg your parents for when you were coming home from baseball practice? Probably the plastic toy. Logie says that while making your own patty on the grill at home can be a good nutritional choice, the one from the fast food window is questionable. “One hamburger patty can be made up of dozens of different cows that come from feed-lot, confinement-based living. They are pumped full of hormones, have high levels of inflammation and are raised on some pretty horrific feed,” he says. “You then have a high starch white flour bun and then depending what you have on it can contain inferior bacon and essentially plastic processed cheese

Movie theater popcorn

Like peanut butter and jelly, toast and butter and macaroni and cheese, some things just seem like they were meant for one another. Though it’s second nature to grab a can of buttery-salty goodness while you check out the latest blockbuster, Logie challenges you to resist. Large sizes at theaters can contain over 1000 calories and 40 grams of fat—and that’s without the butter topping, Logie says. For an alternative, pop your own on the stove top with some olive oil and salt, and sneak it into the theater. (We promise not to tell!)

Raw oysters

Though oysters have an aphrodisiac reputation and can really hit the spot with a glass of white wine on a sunny day, nutritionist Jennifer Bowers, PhD, RD shies away from the slimy mollusk for the threat it can pose on your digestive system. “There are so many potential food-borne illnesses are associated with undercooked seafood—hepatitis A and noroviruses, specifically. Oysters commonly carry Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus,” she explains. “Having said that, I think oysters taste horrible (personal opinion!), so it’s certainly not worth the risk for me. If you’re going to eat oysters, switch from raw ‘on the half shell’ variety to cooked to lower your risk of getting sick.”

Regular soda




You probably don’t need us to tell you that even an eight-ounce glass of any soda is bad news for your bod. Just in case you need the reminder, though, Bowers explains just how bad of an idea drinking liquid calories really is. “The sugar load in just one serving is simply not worth the glucose rush, mood issues, headache, and calorie bomb. The huge intake of soda in this country, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle, is strongly associated with the rising obesity epidemic,” she explains. Here are all the reasons to avoid soda—always!

Fat-free packaged foods




Don’t allow yourself to be fooled by fad ‘diet’ foods, says nutritionist Rima Kleiner, MS, RD. Though it might be a smart marketing move on the part of major food corporations, labels like fat free, sugar free, and anything free—are deceptive. “Even after years of research showing us that our bodies need healthful fats, I still hear clients who consider packaged ‘fat free’ foods the pinnacle of healthy eating,” says Kleiner. “But many of these packaged products that should naturally contain fat (think cookies, crackers and bars) replace the fat with sugar, which means you end up with a cookie or other product that contains less fat, maybe a few less calories, but with little to no redeeming nutritional qualities,” she explains. “If I’m craving something sweet, I try to make my own so I can use healthful fats like olive oil, flax seeds and avocadoes, or I will just buy a single-serving brownie or cookie from a good bakery to share with my husband or kids.”