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HƯỚNG DẪN SƠ CỨU (FIRST AID)
KHI BỊ CÔN TRÙNG, ĐỘNG VẬT VÀ NGƯỜI CẮN TRONG LÚC SINH HOẠT NGOÀI TRỜI Lynn Ly phỏng dịch theo "The Everything First Aid"


Những hoạt động ngoài trời như làm việc, vui chơi, giải trí, du ngoạn ở trong một số hoàn cảnh , khí hậu , và thời tiết . Khí hậu nóng và lạnh đều có thể gây ra những hệ quả đối lập (adverse consequences), và những sinh vật (critters) sống bên ngoài thỉnh thoảng gây dị ứng (ngứa ngáy khó chịu) hoặc tổn thương . Cơ thể bị thiếu nước hoặc ở cao độ (thí dụ lên đỉnh núi) và ở trong một số điều kiện ngoài trời khác cũng có thể làm bạn cảm thấy suy yếu đi .

Cho dù không có vấn đề gì khi bạn hoạt động ngoài trời, nhưng thật quan trọng bạn biết làm gì để chăm sóc hoặc trợ giúp những người bị chấn thương, bị bệnh tật bất ngờ .

I) BỊ CÔN TRÙNG, LOÀI VẬT VÀ NGƯỜI CẮN

Nhiều loại côn trùng và các sinh vật khác, bao gồm cả con người, gây ra các vết cắn và vết châm chích có thể cho cảm giác không thoải mái hoặc đe dọa tính mạng từ nhẹ nhẹ đến trung bình. Điều quan trọng là biết làm gì, làm thế nào để trị liệu, và khi nào thì cần tìm kiếm đến trợ giúp từ chuyên gia y tế để trị liệu bất kỳ thương tổn tàng ẩn bên trong.

1) BÒ CẠP CẮN (SCORPION BITES)

Bò cạp là loại côn trùng nhiều chân có hình dạng giống tôm hùm (lobster-like arthoropods) nằm trong xếp loại côn trùng có nọc độc (arcahnid class, cùng loài nhền nhện = spider class), có một ngòi / kim xoăn ở phần cuối nơi đuôi, và chúng thường được tìm thấy ở vùng sa mạc phía Tây Nam của Mexico (nước Mễ Tây Cơ). Những vết chích / đốt của bọ cạp dường như không có khả năng gây tử vong và dễ dàng điều trị, nhưng lại nguy hiểm cho trẻ nhỏ và người già hơn . Những triệu chứng bao gồm đau nhức ngay lập tức (immediate pain), nóng rát (burning), sưng tấy chút chút (minor swelling) và cảm giác tê (numb) hoặc ngứa ran (tingling sensation).

Những buớc sau đây cần nên thực hiện để trị liệu vết bò cạp cắn:
1. Rửa vùng bị bò cạp cắn bằng xà phòng / xà bông và nước

2. Dùng túi trườm lạnh đặt lên vùng bị bò cạp cắn trong vòng 10 phút , nếu cần thiết thì lập đi lập lại việc trườm lạnh vùng bị cắn với khoảng cách giữa các lần trườm lạnh là 10 phút .

3. Gọi điện thoại đến trung tâm kiểm soát chất độc (the Poison Control Center), hay đi bệnh viện khi có bất kỳ triệu chứng nghiêm trọng gì

2) BỌ VE CẮN (TICK BITES)

Những người sống vùng rừng cây hay đồng cỏ, hay những người dành thời gian vui chơi giải trí ở những khu vực này thì dễ bị bọ ve cắn . Loài côn trùng nho nhỏ này sống bằng cách hút máu các loài động vật có vú (mammals) thí dụ như hươu nai (deer), loài gậm nhấm (rodents), thỏ (rabbits) và có thể truyền bệnh từ động vật sang người .

Việc sơ cứu (first aid) những vết bọ ve cắn bao gồm loại bỏ con bọ ve đang bu bám ngay lập tức để tránh những phản ứng từ vết cắn và giảm thiểu tối đa các loại bệnh nhiễm trùng do bọ ve gây ra thí dụ bệnh Lyme, bệnh nóng sốt Colorado bọ ve (Colorado tick fever), bệnh nóng sốt được phát hiện ở núi đá (Rocky Mountain Spotted fever)

Để tháo bỏ con bọ ve bu bám trên người , hãy làm như sau:
1. Dùng cây nhíp (tweezers) hay cây kẹp nhỏ nhỏ cong cong hay thẳng thẳng (small curl or flat forcepts) kẹp lấy đầu con bọ ve và càng cận sát nơi da đang bị con bọ ve cắn càng tốt, rồi nhẹ nhàng kéo ra, đừng bóp nát hay xoay vặn con bọ ve

2. Rửa vùng bị bọ ve cắn bằng xà phòng / xà bông và nước.

3. Bôi thuốc Antihistamine hoặc loại 1% hydrocortisone cream (loại kem chứa 1% chất hydrocortisone)


Cần phải có sự chăm sóc y tế chuyên nghiệp , nếu con bọ ve cắn quá sâu và bạn không thể tháo gỡ nó ra được, hoặc bạn đang ở trong khu vực được thông báo là có nhiều nguy cơ bị bệnh lyme, hoặc bạn có triệu chứng nóng sốt hay triệu chứng cảm cúm , hoặc bạn có trải nghiệm bắp thịt trở lên suy nhược, tê liệt (paralysis) , hoặc nổi vết tròn đỏ trên da gọi là "phát ban mắt bò" (the bull's eye rash) là đặc chưng của bệnh Lyme .

CẢNH BÁO !!!
Đừng bao giờ bôi petroleum jelly (vaseline), rượu cồn ( alcohol ) ahy ammonia lên con bọ ve - chúng sẽ cắn chặt sâu vào da hơn. Nếu bạn đang ở trong vùng cảnh báo có nhiều nguy cơ bệnh Lyme mà bị bọ ve cắn, bạn nhất định phải phone báo bác sĩ để được tư vấn và ngay lập tức được chăm sóc và điều tri bao gồm việc sử dụng thuốc kháng sinh

Fried foods

It’s no surprise that French fries aren’t the healthiest choice, but they could be doing more harm than you realize. “Research has shown that individuals who eat a diet high in deep-fried foods show a higher prevalence of inflammatory markers,” says Obianuju Helen Okoye, MD, MBA, a public health physician and healthcare executive in St. Louis, MO. So if you’re headed to your local state fair this summer, make sure to avoid these fried foods

Omega-6 oil

Eating a diet rich in omega fatty acids sounds healthy, but may be causing some serious inflammation. We need to consume omega-6 and omega-3 oils because our bodies cannot make them—but they need to be in balance. “Omega-6s are highly inflammatory and promote chronic disease,” Says Jennie Ann Freiman, MD, author of The SEEDS Plan. To avoid an imbalance, Dr. Freiman recommends limiting oils such as corn, safflower, sunflower, soy, canola, peanut, cottonseed, and grapeseed. Don’t throw out all your oils just yet though. Check out how omega-6 fatty acids from nuts can reduce type 2 diabetes risk

Sugar

Sugar is no one’s friend and will cause inflammation throughout your entire body. “Sugar, dyes, and preservatives all cause inflammation. Foods that cause inflammation do so by damaging the gut lining leading to leaky gut,” says Joel Warsh, MD, MSc, an integrative pediatrician in Los Angeles. Our gut lining is thin and can be easily damaged, allowing food particles into the bloodstream. Dr. Warsh explains that this leakage can lead to total body inflammation. These are the most common symptoms of leaky gut.

Soda

Think one soda here or there doesn’t add up? Think again. A study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that even when volunteers only drank occasional sugary drinks like soda, they had more inflammation markers in their bodies than those who avoid the bubbly stuff. Don’t miss these other reasons to start avoiding soda now.

Deli meat

you’ve been bored with your daily turkey sandwich, try switching it up and avoiding deli meat altogether. “Processed meats such as deli meat contain more advanced glycation end products (AGEs) than most other meats,” says Dr. Hollingsworth. “AGEs are inflammatory compounds that are created when the meats are dried, smoked, or otherwise processed and cooked at high temperatures.” Dr. Hollingworth explained that these AGEs are known to cause inflammation and lead to chronic diseases like colon cancer

13 Foods Cardiologists Try to Never Eat



Lisa Marie Conklin




Day in and day out cardiologists see the effects of what a poor diet can do to your heart. And while an occasional indulgence is fine—a glass of red wine here, a piece of chocolate there—there are certain foods they will never let pass their lips.


Processed meats
Bacon, ham, hot dogs, and sausages are a part of many Americans’ daily diets but Jennifer Haythe, MD, a cardiologist and assistant professor of medicine at Columbia Presbyterian in New York City won’t go near them. “These products are literally dripping with saturated fats. And we know that sausage and processed meats have been linked to heart failure and cancer,” says Dr. Haythe. What exactly is in processed meat? Processed meat refers to meat that has been salted, cured, fermented or smoked to improve its shelf life. While these foods are quick and convenient, the chemicals and sodium used in processed foods are harmful for our hearts, especially when eaten in larger quantities. Hot dogs also make an appearance on our must-read list of foods to never, ever eat raw

Red meat





A tender and juicy steak topped with mushrooms sauteed in butter is a meal you may want to reserve for a special occasion. “That delicious steak in front of you is full of saturated fats, cholesterol, and salt,” says Dr. Haythe. Dr. Haythe advises all her patients to limit red meat to once a month. When you do eat read meat, looks for leaner cuts like eye of round roast, top roast, top sirloin, and sirloin tips. Uses spices and herbs for flavor and steer clear of butter, cream, and hollandaise sauces. And if you’re out to eat, avoid ordering bone-in steaks and these other foods you should never eat at a restaurant.

Potato chips

It’s easy to plow through a bag of potato chips or a giant bowl buttered popcorn, but Dr. Haythe says these snacks can be bite-sized bits of trans-fats, sodium, and carbs. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that 99.2 percent of people worldwide consume more than 2,000 milligrams of sodium each day. (Many health organizations recommend no more than 1,500 milligrams a day.) People who consume more than 2,000 milligrams of sodium per day account for one in 10 cardiovascular deaths. Does this mean you have to give up popcorn for your next Netflix binge? If you can’t give up popcorn or chips entirely, try switching to baked chips and or lightly salted and buttered popcorn. To keep tabs on your portion, leave the bag of chips or popcorn in the kitchen and place a snack in a single-serving bowl.

Pizza

A weekly pizza night is something most of us look forward to. Unfortunately, the only thing we’re picking up from the pizzeria is a “giant carbohydrate topped with salt and processed cheese,” says Dr. Haythe. You don’t have to give up your favorite dinner of the week, just order a healthier version with mushrooms, peppers, extra sauce, hold the pepperoni. Another option is to make a healthier version at home. “Use whole wheat crust, olive oil, and fresh goat cheese,” recommends Dr. Haythe

Diet soda

Sindhu Koshy, MD, a cardiologist at Ascension St. John Macomb Oakland Hospital in Michigan says even regular soda is better than diet. “The aspartame in diet soda is actually worse for you than sugar or high fructose corn syrup and can make you crave sweet things.” According to Dr. Koshy, diet soda can promote weight gain and being overweight isn’t good for your heart. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), “Nearly 70 percent of American adults are either overweight or obese. Being obese puts you at a higher risk for health problems such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, and more.”

Table salt

It seems our taste buds aren’t satisfied unless we shake salt on our food or find it in a bag of salty chips, but salt can cause issues with blood pressure. If your blood pressure is too high, your arteries can harden and narrow, resulting in a greater chance of heart disease. Dr. Koshy doesn’t add salt to any food or when she cooks. She doesn’t even have a salt shaker on the table. “It doesn’t matter what kind of salt it is—Himalayan sea salt or pink salt—if it has salt in its name, it is no good,” she says. If you’re struggling with high blood pressure, limit your salt intake and introduce your salt-craving taste buds to spices like cumin, curry, garlic, rosemary, cinnamon, etc. The results could be significant in lowering high blood pressure. Here are some more things doctors might not tell you about healthy blood pressure. “Usually, if people with high blood pressure remove salt from their diet, their blood pressure will drop enough that they don’t need medication,” says Koshy.

Boxed cereal

Sugar is bad for your teeth and waistline, but your heart isn’t losing any love over it either. A 2014 study published in JAMA: Internal Medicine found people who consumed 17 to 21 percent of calories from added sugar had a 38 percent higher risk of dying from cardiovascular disease than those who consumed 8 percent of their calories from added sugar. Dr. Koshy likens the added sugars in many cereals (and any food with added sugar) to eating candy: “It increases the sugar in our blood, which increases triglycerides and raises cholesterol.” Choose cereals with less added sugars, or better yet, oatmeal. “I recommend oatmeal every day: the plain variety and with fresh fruit added instead of dried fruit or sugar.” While you’re ditching your sugary cereals, check out this list of more breakfast foods you really need to stop eating.

Energy drinks

Most energy drinks claim they are a healthy way to boost energy. Trouble is, several ingredients like guarana and taurine are touted as natural energy boosters and not regulated. Mix these ingredients with caffeine and you could be setting yourself with a racing heartbeat. “There is such a high amount of caffeine in a lot of these energy drinks that it also can trigger arrhythmia,” says Nicole Weinberg, MD, a cardiologist and director of the Pacific Heart Institute’s Women’s Heart Center at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica. “This, coupled with a lack of sleep, which is generally the reason why people are having energy drinks to begin with, is a bad combination,” says Dr. Weinberg. A better idea?

Deep-fried chicken

Americans love deep-fried anything from chicken to candy bars. These foods may be tasty, but according to Dr. Weinberg, they have no nutritional redeeming value, even if the food is a veggie. “It is bad for your heart, bad for your waistline, and brings oxidants into your system,” says Dr. Weinberg. Oxidants are the antioxidants’ arch-nemesis. Deep frying involves hot oil and that changes the structure of vitamins and antioxidants. You’re not only getting added fat and calories but cell-damaging oxidants.

Cheez Whiz

Network says she avoids this and other processed cheese products because they are filled with preservatives. “Basically, any food item that has a long shelf life will probably reduce our ‘self’ lives,” says Shin. In addition to the chemicals used in preserving shelf life, Cheez Whiz has 91 calories in 2 tablespoons and 7 grams of saturated fat. Let’s face it, we’re pouring more than 2 tablespoons of Cheese Whiz on our nachos. Check out our list of 50 foods to never eat, according to nutritionists (hint: Cheez Whiz made is one of the top 10).

Instant ramen noodles

These crunchy packets of noodles are the staple of many college students. Cookbooks and food blogs provide countless suggestions make the noodles even more delicious. How much damage to your heart can a little square packet of noodles do? Did you know the noodles are deep fried first? That’s one factor that isn’t good for our heart. The other is salt. A typical packet of ramen has 875 mg of sodium. That’s a big chunk of the AHA recommendation of 1,500 miligrams. per day. Too much salt can cause our body to hang onto to excess fluid, which increases blood pressure and be taxing on the heart. And if you’re curious, this is what happens when you eat nothing but ramen for a week (spoiler alert: nothing good).

Frosting in a jar

Who can wait for the cake to cool before we dive into the jar of frosting? Tempting as it is, don’t dive in and limit the frosting you eat. Besides being full of preservatives and ingredients you can’t pronounce, it is a sugar nightmare for your heart. A typical jar of frosting can have as much as 20 grams per 2 tablespoons. First, we rarely eat just 2 tablespoons but even if we stuck to that, we would be pretty close to tipping the scales in the wrong direction for sugar consumption that day. The AHA recommends 36 grams per day for men and 24 grams per day when it comes to added sugars. Sugar contributes to an expanding waistline and an unhealthy heart.

20 Foods That Are Never Worth the Calories



Maria Kinirons RDN




It’s not always apparent when foods we love have zero nutrition. These 20 favorites are filled with sugar, fat, and empty calories—and some may surprise you.




Cream soda

A ton of research suggests limiting sugar-sweetened beverages, which are pretty much the ultimate example of zero nutrition. In fact U.S. Dietary Guidelines suggest there’s strong evidence these beverages contribute to excess weight in adults and children. Surprisingly, some choices in this category are better than others. Ginger ale has 32 grams of sugar per can versus 49 grams in the same amount of cream soda, according to the USDA Food Database. But it might be better to just cut this category of drinks from your diet. For more evidence, here are 10 reasons to avoid all soda.

Low-fat peanut butter

Amy Gorin, MS, RDN, owner of Amy Gorin Nutrition, recommends ditching low-fat versions of the nutty spread. “Peanut butter offers fats that are filling and heart healthy. But when that fat is removed or reduced, extra sugar and other filler ingredients are often added. When you’re shopping for peanut butter, read the ingredients label and pick one that contains only roasted peanuts.” Here are 5 extraordinary uses of peanut butter you probably never thought of.

Margarine

Gorin says “margarine has been considered a healthy alternative to butter, but many versions contain partially hydrogenated oil—an ingredient that contains trans fats, which are harmful. They can heighten your “bad” LDL cholesterol, decrease your beneficial HDL cholesterol, and heighten your risk of heart disease.” Instead of margarine, consider using a small amount of a heart-healthy oil, such as extra-virgin olive oil. But be mindful of cooking with oil at high temperatures.